
Six years ago when my my wife first approached me with the idea that we should stop eating wheat I was incredulous. "But, society was built on grains!" was my response. I thought back to my history lessons of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations as a defense for eating wheat. If it weren't for the domestication of grain, I thought, we'd still be wandering as hunter gatherers. It's true that the ancients cultivation of grains allowed for the amount of food necessary to support a large society. However, my interest in archaeology has revealed that the grain and dairy consumption of our ancestors is drastically different than modern eating habits.
While my wife has an interest in modern cooking, my hobby includes the study of Iron Age, Romano, and Saxon agriculture. My research focuses on ancient Britain (partly because the relevant literature is written in English), but parallels could be found in other ancient societies. My first couple posts on this subject will look at gluten and casein in ancient foods. If there is interest, I'll expand to general info on ancient cooking, farming, etc.
Today's article: Ancient Wheat
The flour found in today's supermarkets is overwhelmingly from the same species, Triticum aestivum. This single species is so ubiquitous that it has earned the common name "bread wheat." There is also "club wheat," which is really just a sub-species of the same. Tr. aestivum became the predominant wheat at the end of the Roman Empire (300s-400s AD, or so). It was popular because the plant was suited to intensive large-scale farming practices. Unlike the three ancient species, it can be easily threshed (removal of the grain from the husk), and it grows to a uniform height (making harvesting easier). Its high-gluten flour was good for baking. High gluten produces an elastic dough, which captures the yeast's gas and bakes to a lighter and softer bread. In the past 2,000 years simple farmers and agricultural corporations have bred newer varieties, further increasing gluten levels.
From the Neolithic to Roman times three species of cultivated wheat were the focus of arable farming: einkorn, emmer, and spelt. These three grains have not experienced the same selective breeding that "improved" modern bread wheat. They exist today in much the same form as they were thousands of years ago. Please note: I am not advocating gluten intolerant people eat these grains. This article is meant only to show that the wheat which modern-day consumers find "normal" is far removed from the wheat that our ancestors ate.
(An Iron Age British farm, illustrated by me)Einkorn (
Triticum monococcum)
Einkorn was the first wheat cultivated from the wild growing grasses of Asia Minor. It became widespread sometime around 10,000 BC. This was the wheat that supported the first Mesopotamian civilizations. Einkorn's levels of protein, vitamin A, beta-carotene, lutein, riboflavin, are much higher than what is found in modern bread wheat, emmer, or spelt.(Ness) A 2006 study suggests that the Einkorn's particular gluten does not aggravate those with celiac's disease.(Pizzuti) Again, I am not endorsing this wheat to celiacs, but it is interesting to note.
Emmer (
Triticum dioccum)
Shortly after einkorn was first cultivated, it was crossed with wild goat grasses to produce a new variety, emmer. Emmer wheat has been found in the pyramids of Egypt. It was the major wheat crop in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. Emmer was the traditional bread wheat of the Roman army. Its flour does not rise very well, indicating low levels of gluten. The resulting loaf is a crumbly bread with a course heavy texture. Similar to oats, emmer wheat makes a very good porridge. (Alcock, p. 29)(Cool, p. 70) Its low gluten content made it a good wheat for cakes, just as "soft wheat" is used today.
Spelt (Triticum spelta)
A descendant of Emmer, spelt was developed sometime around 5,000 BC. Most archaeological examples have been found in Europe. This makes sense as it is more resistant to frost than emmer and einkorn. It arrived in Britain sometime around 700 BC and became the primary wheat grown in the late Iron Age and Roman-era. The gluten levels are higher than emmer, producing a good rising dough. Along with einkorn and emmer, spelt lost it's appeal by the end of the Roman Empire. It continued to be grown in some areas of Germany and has enjoyed a resurgence in the modern-day health food market.
Conclusion
It is difficult to measure the precise amount of gluten found in the different varieties of wheat flour. Yet, simple bread-making makes it clear that the species of wheat popular among ancient peoples had a lower gluten content than our modern bread wheat. From the Neolithic to the Iron Age, the ancient British did not seem to have consumed the massive amounts of wheat typical today. The Romans certainly loved their bread. Indeed, baking was a specialized profession. After the Romans, Europeans were well on their way to the wheat-saturated diet of modern times. By the end of the 9th century AD, the Anglo-Saxon monk Aelfric wrote that without bread, "any table seems empty," and "without bread all food seems unpalatable."(Hagen)
—Andrew
P.S. My first draft included a whole bunch of numbers for the different wheats: percentages of total protein levels, percentages of gluten to other nutritional proteins, and ratios of the gliadin to glutenin (the pair of proteins that form wheat gluten), etc. That all got a bit confusing, and beyond the scope of what is meant to be a casual article. If you are interested in all that math, then I suggest you check out my references #1 and #4.
P.P.S. Kamut is marketed as an ancient wheat, but it is actually a brand name for a recently cultivated sub-species of modern bread wheat.
References1. Abdel-Aal, Elsayed.
Specialty Grains for Food and Feed Published by the American Association of Cereal Chemists. 2005. The gliadin-glutenin ratio info from this book appears on
StraigtGrade.com: a quarterly journal for bakers.
2. Alcock, Joan P.
Food in Roman Britain3. Cool, H.E.M.
Eating and Drinking in Roman Britain.4. Hagen, Ann.
Anglo-Saxon Food & Drink. Anglo Saxon Books, 2006.
5. Ness, Stan. "Types of Wheat: Nutritional Content & Health Benefits Comparison" on
Einkorn.com. 2010.
6. Pizzuti, Daniella, et al. "Lack of intestinal mucosal toxicity of Triticum monococcum in celiac disease patients" in the
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Volume 41, Issue 11 November 2006 , pages 1305 - 1311. See
abstract online.